Sikap Perempuan terhadap Eksploitasi pada Novel Bumi Manusia, Nyai Gowok, Re: dan Perempuan: Kajian Feminisme
Abstract
This research examines women's attitudes towards exploitation in three modern Indonesian novels: Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Nyai Gowok by Budi Sardjono, and Re: and Perempuan by Maman Suherman. This research applies a descriptive qualitative method with a document study type and uses a feminist literary criticism approach to examine the exploitation of women in three modern Indonesian novels. The instrument used was data cards. The data collection process involved steps such as collection, condensation, data reduction, and conclusion drawing. After collecting data from the three novels, the researcher analyzed and compared the patterns of narration and characterization of women's exploitation to draw more in-depth conclusions. The results of the research are ten novel excerpts that show that female characters such as Nyai Ontosoroh display firm resistance and independence, while Nyai Lindri expresses her resistance through the boundaries she sets, and Re: accepts the reality of exploitation with an adaptive attitude. The novels as a whole illustrate the complexity of women's responses to exploitation and their struggle for dignity and autonomy in a patriarchal society.
Abstrak
Penelitian ini mengkaji sikap perempuan terhadap eksploitasi dalam tiga novel modern Indonesia: Bumi Manusia karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Nyai Gowok karya Budi Sardjono, dan Re: dan Perempuan karya Maman Suherman. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan kritik sastra feminis. Teknik pengumpulan data meliputi langkah pengumpulan, kondensasi, reduksi data, serta penarikan kesimpulan dari kutipan-kutipan teks yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tiga bentuk utama sikap perempuan terhadap eksploitasi: perlawanan aktif (ditunjukkan oleh Nyai Ontosoroh dalam Bumi Manusia melalui perjuangannya membangun kemandirian dan melawan patriarki kolonial), penolakan subtil (dilakukan oleh Nyai Lindri dalam Nyai Gowok melalui tindakan cerdas menolak manipulasi budaya patriarkis), dan penerimaan adaptif (yang ditunjukkan oleh Re: dalam Re: dan Perempuan sebagai mekanisme bertahan hidup di tengah eksploitasi seksual dan ekonomi). Analisis ini mengungkap bahwa sikap perempuan, meskipun berbeda dalam konteks dan bentuk, mencerminkan perjuangan untuk mempertahankan martabat, kesadaran harga diri, serta upaya melawan struktur sosial yang patriarkis dan eksploitatif. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada kajian kritik sastra feminis dengan menampilkan bagaimana karya sastra modern Indonesia mencerminkan dan menantang realitas eksploitasi perempuan, serta relevansinya dengan kondisi sosial-kultural kontemporer.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abrams, M. H., & Harpham, G. G. (2009). A Glossary of Literary Terms. College Composition and Communication 8(4). https://doi.org/10.2307/354930
Agha, N. (2018). Social Security or Cultural Benefits. Asian Journal of Social Science, 46(1-2), 35-51. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04601003
Akhter, S. (2023). Exploitation of Women in Arab Patriarchal Society in Saadawi's God Dies by the Nile: A Marxist Feminist Analysis. Annals of Human and Social Sciences, 4(I). https://doi.org/10.35484/ahss.2023(4-i)10
Armstrong, E. (2020). Marxist and Socialist Feminism. Study of Women and Gender: Faculty Publication, Smith College, Northhampton, MA. Study of Women and Gender, 24.
Ashcroft, B., Griffiths, G., & Helen, T. (1998). Postcolonial Studies The Key Concepts.
Az-zahra, M. S., Alfarizi, V. D., & Novianto, F. A. (2024). Kesetaraan Gender dalam Pendidikan melalui Pendekatan Pedagogis Henry : Analisis dan Relevansi Konseptual. 6(1).
https://doi.org/10.24235/equalita.v6i1.19564
Beechey, V. (2013). Women and production: a critical analysis of some sociological theories of women's work. Feminism and Materialism, 155-197.
Bourdieu, P. (2003). Cultural reproduction and social reproduction.
Charrad, M. M. (2010). Women's agency across cultures: Conceptualizing strengths and boundaries. Women's Studies International Forum, 33(6), 517-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2010.09.004
Damayanti, I. R., Kautsar, F. A., Nicola, A., & Dwiyanti, F. (2022). SEMUA BISA KENA! Laporan Hasil Survei Kekerasan dan Pelecehan di Dunia Kerja Indonesia 2022. In International Labour Organization (p. 27).
Davis, K. (1992). Toward a Feminist Rhetoric. The Gilligan Debate Revisited. Women's Studies International Forum, 15(2), 219-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(92)90102-2
Federici, S. (2019). Social Reproduction Theory: History, Issues and Present Challenges. Radical Philosophy, 2019(2.04), 55-58.
Flood, M., Dragiewicz, M., & Pease, B. (2021). Resistance and Backlash to Gender Equality. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 393-408. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajs4.137
Galizzi, G., McBride, K., & Siboni, B. (2024). Patriarchy persists: Experiences of Barriers to Women's Career Progression in Italian Accounting Academia. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 99(May 2023), 102625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2023.102625
Gimenez, M. E. (2005). Capitalism and the Oppression of Women. 69(1), 11-32.
https://doi.org/10.1521/siso.69.1.11.56797
Hanmer, J. (1990). Men, Power and The Exploitation of Women. Women's Studies International Forum, 443-456.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(90)90096-G
Hermes, J. (2007). Media Representations of Social Structure: Gender. Media Studies, Key Issues and Debates, 191-210.
Hesford, V. (2005). Feminism and Its Ghosts: The Spectre of The Feminist-As-Lesbian. Feminist Theory, 6(3), 227-250. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700105057361
Hudaa, S., Bahtiar, A., Haryanti, N. D., & Firdaus, W. (2021). Representasi Budaya dalam Novel Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang. JENTERA: Jurnal Kajian Sastra, 10(1), 45-56.
Izziyana, W. V. (2017). Pendekatan Feminisme dalam Studi Hukum Islam. Istawa: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 2(1), 139. https://doi.org/10.24269/ijpi.v2i1.366
Kirana, P. D., & Nisak, Q. (2022). The role of UNICEF in Addressing Child Marriage Issues in Indonesia. Gender Equality: International Journal of Child and Gender Studies, 8(2), 216. https://doi.org/10.22373/equality.v8i2.14029
Luxton, M. (2014). Marxist feminism and Anticapitalism: Reclaiming Our History, Reanimating Our Politics. Studies in Political Economy, 94(July), 137-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/19187033.2014.11674957
MacLeavy, J., Fannin, M., & Larner, W. (2021). Feminism and futurity: Geographies of Resistance, Resilience and Reworking. Progress in Human Geography, 45(6), 1558-1579. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091325211003327
Madhavi, B., & Rao, K. N. (2024). Feminism Through a Marxist Lens: Intersections and Insights. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 9(4), 13-17. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijels.94.3
Mezzadri, A. (2022). The Social Reproduction of Pandemic Surplus Populations and Global Development Narratives on Inequality and Informal Labour. Development and Change, 53(6), 1230-1253. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12736
Mitzy, G. I., & Zahirah, S. (2020). Mitzy, G. I., & Zahirah, S. (2020). Feminimisme Radikal dan Eksploitasi Perempuan Suriah Sebagai Objek Seksual Terkait Imbalan Bantuan Kemanusiaan. Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia, 8(75), 147-154.
https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v5i11.1768
Mohanty, C. (1988). Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses. Feminist Review, 30, 61-88.
https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.1988.42
Oksala, J. (2015). Capitalism and Gender Oppression. International Viewpoint, June, 1-6. http://www.internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article4073
Oppong, C. (1979). Family structure and women's reproductive and productive roles: Some conceptual and methodological issues. Womens' Roles and Population Trends in the Third World, 79, 133-150.
PPPA, K. (2024). Perempuan Pekerja Informal Dalam Ekonomi Digital Daftar isi.
Rokhmansyah. (2016). Pengantar Gender dan Feminisme: Pemahaman Awal Kritik Sastra Feminisme. Garudhawaca.
Sari, I. P., & Rusliawati, E. (2023). Eksploitasi Perempuan sebagai Komoditas dalam Novel Jatisaba Karya Ramayda Akmal. MANTRA: Jurnal Sastra Indonesia (Sastra, Bahasa, Budaya), 1(2), 23-35.
https://doi.org/10.36761/mantra.v1i2.3497
Smyth, I., & Sweetman, C. (2015). Introduction: Gender and Resilience. Gender and Development, 23(3), 405-414. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2015.1113769
Suprayitno, A., & Chairul, D. (2021). Eksploitasi Tubuh Perempuan dalam Iklan Pompa Air Shimizu. Jurnal Audiens, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.18196/jas.v2i1.8886
Suwardi, A. (2010). Feminism as Literary Criticism (Its Development, Figures, and Themes). Prosodi, 4(2), 1-11.
Ume Habiba, Rabia Ali, & Asia Ashfaq. (2016). From Patriarchy to Neopatriarchy: Experiences of Women from Pakistan. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 6(3), 212-221.
Walby, S. (1989). Theorising patriarchy. Sociology. Sage Publications, 23(2), 213-234.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038589023002004
Women, U. (2023). Women in Politics. In Battleground: Government and Politics: 2(Issue January). https://doi.org/10.32380/alrj.v0i0.1622
You, Y. (2021). Patriarki, Ketidakadilan Gender, dan Kekerasan Atas Perempuan: Model Laki-Laki Baru Masyarakat Hubula Suku Dani. Nusamedia
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.