BENTUK DAN LATAR BELAKANG MUNCULNYA HATE SPEECH DALAM BAHASA ARAB: ANALISIS MORFOLOGI DAN PRAGMATIK
Abstract
Penelitian ini mengelaborasi lebih dalam satuan kebahasaan yang selama ini digunakan oleh masyarakat dalam mengungkapkan ujaran kebencian dalam bahasa Arab. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah satuan kebahasaan yang ada dalam koran berbahasa Arab, baik berupa kata, frasa, maupun kalimat yang menjadi unsur penting munculnya sebuah ujaran kebencian. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan bahasa, khususnya dalam ranah morfologis dan pragmatis. Ranah morfologis terkait dengan kosakata yang digunakan dalam mengungkapkan ujaran kebencian bahasa Arab. Adapun ranah pragmatis terkait beberapa kasus yang menjadi latar belakang utama munculnya ujaran kebencian dalam bahasa Arab. Rumusan masalah pertama dalam penelitian ini terkait dengan bagaimana bentuk-bentuk ujaran kebencian dalam bahasa Arab ditinjau dari satuan bahasa yang menyusunnya. Adapun rumusan masalah kedua dalam penelitian ini berhubungan dengan bagaimana latar belakang munculnya ujaran kebencian dalam bahasa Arab. Metode penelitian dalam penelitian ini terbagi menjadi tiga tahapan, yaitu: (1) pengumpulan data, (2) analisis data, dan (3) laporan hasil. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode simak dan catat beberapa satuan kebahasaan yang ada dalam beberapa koran berbahasa Arab yang terkoneksi pada media sosial Instagram. Analisis data diterapkan dengan menggunakan metode distribusional yang diperkuat dengan metode analisis konten. Adapun laporan hasil dilakukan secara informal dalam bentuk deskripsi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa secara struktural bentuk ujaran kebencian dapat berupa kata, frasa, dan kalimat (predikatif). Adapun secara pragmatis, ujaran kebencian dapat dilatarbelakangi oleh ujaran yang melanggar prinsip kesantunan
This research will elaborate comprehensively the units of language which had been used by Arab people to express the hatred. The main data in this research had been collected by observing the units of language in Arab Daily Newspaper. In this case, the units of language can be divided into: word, phrase, and sentence which emerged as the main cause of hatred speech. This research dominantly used the approaches in morphology and pragmatic. The morphology analysis related with the construction of hate speech based on the elaboration of units of language. Meanwhile, the pragmatic analysis tried to elaborate some cases which had been justified as the main causal factors in Arabic hate speech. The method in this research had been divided into three basic steps, (1) collecting the data, (2) analyzing the data, and (3) reporting the result. The first step had been used the observation and recording/ noting the units of language which classified as hatred speech in Arabic daily news. The data had been focused in the Arabic daily news which connected to social media of Instagram. The data analysis had been divided into two main steps, such as distributional method and content analysis of hatred speech in Arabic language. The final step was reporting the result which had been used the informal method and description reporting. The result of the research had been concluded that the hatred speech in Arabic language can be expressed by using the units of language, such as: (1) the word, (2) the phrase, and (3) the sentence (predicative construction). Finally, based on the pragmatic approach, the causal factor of hate speech in Arabic language can be defined by the speech which contravened the principles of politeness.
Keywords: hatred, speech, morphology, pragmatic, politeness
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Ainin. Muh. 2010. Fenomena Pragmatik dalam Al-Quran: Studi Kasus Terhadap Pertanyaan. Malang: Penerbit MISYKAT.
Alam, Iftikhar; Roshan Lal Raina ; & Faizia Siddiqui. 2016. Free vs hate speech on social media: the In-dian perspective. Journal of Information, Commu-nication and Ethics in Society, Vol. 14 Iss: 4, pp.350 – 363.
Anis, Muhammad Yunus. Likha Sari Anggreni. dan Monika Sri Yuliarti. 2017. “Hate Speech in Arabic Newspaper Cyber Law: Case Study in Al-Jazeera.Net Daily Newspaper”. In 2nd International Conference on Socology Education (ICSE 2017), halaman 615 – 620. Scitepress – Science and Technology Publication, Lda.
Anis, Muhammad Yunus. Likha Sari Anggreni. dan Eva Farhah. 2018. Hate Speech in Arabic Language: Case Study in Instagram Comments. Journal of Islamic, Social, Economics and Development. Volume: 3, Issue: 10 (Juni 2018), halaman 28 – 36. www.jised.com.
Anis, Muhammad Yunus. 2018. “Ideological Representation of Violence and Information Packaging in Arabic Headline News: A Case Study of the Al-Ahram Arabic Daily Newspaper”. Jurnal Komunikasi Malaysian Journal of Communication.
Baalbaki, Ramzi Munir. 1990. Dictionary of Linguistics Terms. Beirut: Dar el-Ilm Lil-Malayin.
Brown, Alexander. 2015. Hate Speech Law: A Philosophical Examination. Routledge: New York.
El-Dahdah, Antoine. 1993. A Dictionary of Arabic Grammatical Nomenclature: Arabic – English. Beirut: Librairie du Liban Publishers.
Gagliardone, Iginio. et al. 2015. Countering On Line Hate Speech: UNESCO Series on Internet Free-dom. France: United Nations Educational, Scien-tific, and Cultural Organization.
Gelber, K., McNamara, L. 2016. Evidencing the harms of hate speech. Social Identities, 22 (3), pp. 324-341. British Journal of Educational Studies. Vol-ume 64, Issue 1, 2 January 2016, Pages 21-35.
Halliday, M., & Hasan R. 1994. Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
Hammod, Najla Majeed. 2017. Impoliteness Strategies in English and Arabic Facebook Comments. International Journal of Linguistics. Vol. 9. No. 5. Page 97 – 112. www.macrothink.org/ijl.
ʻIzat, Achmad. 2017. Khithābat At-Tachrīdh wa Churiyyati-Taʻbīr: Al-Chudūd Al-Fāshilah. Cairo: Association for Freedom of Thought and Expression.
Jubany, Olga & Roiha, Malin. 2015. Backgrounds, Ex-periences and Responses to Online Hate Speech: A Comparative Cross-Country Analysis. “PRISM – Preventing, Redressing and Inhibiting hate speech in new Media” (www.prismproject.eu).
Karjo, Clara Herlina. 2016. “Identifying Hate Speech in Tweets”. Prosiding Seminar Tahunan Linguistik Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (SETALI 2016): Bandung. Page: 81 – 85.
Kridalaksana, Harimurti. 2009. Kamus Linguistik: Edisi Keempat. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Lillian, Donna L. 2007. “A thorn by any other name: sexiest discourse as hate speech”. SAGE Publica-tions: Los Angeles. Volume: 18 (6). Page: 719 – 740.
Oksanen, Atte; James Hawdon; Emma Holkeri; Matti Näsi; & Pekka Räsänen. 2014. Exposure to Online Hate among Young Social Media Users, in M. Ni-cole Warehime (ed.) Soul of Society: A Focus on the Lives of Children & Youth (Sociological Stud-ies of Children and Youth, Volume 18) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.253 – 273.
Mazid, Bahaa-eddin M. 2012. HateSpeak in Contemporary Arabic Discourse. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Marzuki. 1983. Metodologi Riset. Yogyakarta: Bagian Penerbitan Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Islam Indonesia.
Rahardi, Kunjana. Yuliana Setyaningsih. dan Rishe Purnama Dewi. 2018. Pragmatik: Fenomena Ketidaksantunan Berbahasa. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
Reah, Danuta. 2002. The Language of Newspapers: Second Edition. London: Routledge.
Santosa, Riyadi. 2017. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Kebahasaan. Surakarta: UNS Press.
Sarah, Eissa. 2018. “Use of hate speech in Arabic Language Newspapers”. American University in Cairo. Dept. Of Journalism and Mass Communication. (http://dar.aucegypt.edu/handle/10526/5249.
Seglow, J. 2016. Hate Speech, Dignity and Self-Respect. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 19 (5), pp. 1103-1116, volume 21, Issue 10, October 2016, Article number 4, Pages 1799-1816.
Surat Edaran Kapolri Nomor SE/06/X/2015 tentang (Hate Speech) Ujaran Kebencian
Syahdeini, Sultan Remy. 2009. Kejahatan dan Tindak Pidana Komputer. Jakarta: Pustaka Utama Grafiti.
Tarigan, Henry Guntur. 2015. Pengajaran Pragmatik. Bandung: Penerbit Angkasa.
Wijana, I Dewa Putu. 1996. Dasar-dasar Pragmatik. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset.
Zahrah, Walīd Chusni. 2014. Innī Akrahuka: Khithābul-Karāhiyyah wath-thā’fiyyah fi Iʻlāmir-Rabīʻ Al-ʻArabiy. Yordania: Center for Defending Freedom of Journalists.
Buku Saku Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.29255/aksara.v32i1.447.119-134
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Aksara INDEXED IN:
![]() | ||||
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
AKSARA diterbitkan oleh Balai Bahasa Provinsi Bali bekerja sama dengan Perkumpulan Pengelola Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra Indonesia dan Pengajarannya (PPJB-SIP)
AKSARA is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License